Enterprise Architecture Proposal Essay Example for Free

Curley’s Wife Free Essays

How does Steinbeck present the character of Curlers spouse in Of Mice and Men? Steinbeck’s ‘Of Mice and Men’ is an impactful story which recounts various disengaged, confined characters. Stylers spouse embodies the extraordinary forlornness of the human condition. In spite of the fact that she just shows up multiple times in the novel, she has a significant influence both as far as plot improvement and as far as assisting the readers’ comprehension of the topic of depression and estrangement. We will compose a custom paper test on Curley’s Wife or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Steinbeck utilizes various procedures to depict Curlers spouse and the subsequent character is genuinely difficult to nail down. In spite of the fact that Steinbeck utilizes a third individual omniscient storyteller, recognize that we learn of Curlers spouse through a male viewpoint; the writer/storyteller is male, similar to the entirety of the other farm inhabitants who remark on and Judge Curlers wife, possibly quietly prejudicing the peruser. Stylers spouse is referred to all through the novel as ‘Curlers wife’ and this has various impacts. Right off the bat, her absence of individual character dehumanizes her. Each and every other character, including Crooks, has a name. Stylers spouse is reliably distinguished as her husband’s ownership. This is a steady update regarding the principle reason that the anch laborers can't converse with her: they are on edge that Curley could resent any male commitment with his better half and that, since he is the boss’s child, they could lose their Jobs thus. The name she is alluded to by the storyteller and by different characters in the novel could be viewed as sign of women’s substandard economic wellbeing in 1930s America. In spite of the fact that in a letter to an entertainer playing Curlers spouse in a phase adaptation of ‘Of Mice and Men’, Steinbeck demands he is thoughtful to the main female character, as perusers, we need to strive to feel compassion towards her. Using the other characters’ feelings, the peruser is given a one-sided perspective on Curlers spouse before meeting her. For instance, Candy, who is depicted as a dependable, amiable character, discloses to George that Curleys spouse ‘gives Slim the eye’, implying that she plays with him, and evidently the various men on the farm. He completes his bit of tattle by reasoning that she is ‘a tart’. This view is reverberated by other men on the farm later in the novel, and George additionally chooses after their underlying brief gathering that Curlers spouse is in fact a tramp’, ‘poison’, Jailbait’ and a ‘rat trap’. The entirety of the men’s affronts recommend that Curleys spouse is explicitly accessible to anybody. There is a feeling of false reverence here given that practically the entirety of the men, including Curley, visit Susy’s place, the nearby massage parlor or ‘cathouse’. At the point when Curlers spouse initially shows up in the novel, probably searching for Curley (as she generally may be) in the bunkhouse, the depiction of her appearance may appear to help Candys assessment of her. Her overwhelming make-up (full, rouged lips’†¦ fingernails were red’), her excessively coiffured hairdo which is referenced each time she shows up in the novel, and her decision of garments and shoes ‘red donkeys, on the insteps of which were little bunches of red ostrich feathers’) isn't just mixed up with the farm way of life, yet in addition could be viewed as an endeavor to seem enticing. Her non-verbal communication †‘leaned back against the door jamb so that ner body was tossed torward ‘ †could ce rtainly recommend that sne is genuinely ottering herself to the men, and her way of talking †‘playfully-could be deciphered as coy. In any case, it is noteworthy that when she is first presented, she is alluded to as a ‘girl’ which recommends that she is youthful and innocent. In fact, it is suggested in the ovel that she is extremely youthful. Whit alludes to her as the new kid’ (albeit in this way considers her a ‘100100’) and she herself counters Whatta ya think I am, a child? Likewise, when she discloses to her story to Lennie, she alludes to an ongoing occurrence which happened when she was fifteen. The other fascinating part of her first appearance is that the men are made aware of her quality in light of the fact that the square shape of daylight in the entryway was cut off. Once more, later on, in the outbuilding, Steinbeck utilizes light in the portrayal of Curleys wife’s dead body. The complexity is that in the principal scene she bolts off characteristic light and in the last scene, the light was developing soft’ throwing a practically sentimental air in the horse shelter where Curlers spouse lies, apparently very still. The second point here, is that Curleys spouse is continually showing up at entryways †of the bunkhouse or in Crooks’ room, yet never figuring out how to enter. This might be a similitude for the way that she is constantly a pariah. The main time she enters a male space and appears to reach is Just before her demise. After our first gathering with Curleys spouse, it is anything but difficult to concur with the men’s misogynist see towards her. Steinbeck ontinues to make it hard for the peruser to feel for her in her second scene when she shows up at the entryway of Crooks’ quarters. Her idiosyncrasy might be believed to be to some degree unsavory and forceful, ‘They left all the powerless ones here’†¦ ‘An’ what am I doin’ here conversing with a lot of bindle stiffs †a nigger an’ a dum-dum and a lousy 01†² sheep †an’ likin’ it since they ain’t no one else’. Be that as it may, on the off chance that we see her activities, constantly, the main thing she is looking for is human contact. She is incredibly desolate and confined, as she attempts to disclose to the men: ‘Think I don’t like to alk to someone ever’ now and again? Think I like to stick in that house alla time? A few times she demonstrates that her marriage is troubled, that Curley is self-fixated and that he is bombastic and savage. Between the lines, Steinbeck is depicting a dismal, detached character who is destined to be fruitless when she contacts other individuals in light of her situation on the farm. In this scene, we additionally observe what may be portrayed as an amazingly frightful side to Curlers spouse. At the point when the discussion doesn't go her direction †Candy transparently affronts her she turns on Crooks, utilizing her one component of intensity as a white lady over a dark man: Well, you keep your place at that point, Nigger. I could get you hung on a tree so natural it ain’t even amusing. In spite of the fact that this danger is loathsome, maybe it demonstrates the degree of her disappointment with her own position. She is at the base of the chain of command of white individuals, and her lone type of control could be to blame Crooks for a type of wrong conduct that would prompt his being killed. The last time we see Curleys spouse is the main time she appears to open up and uncover her defenselessness nd her mistake with the manner in which her life has turned out. Unexpectedly, even as she is admitting all, ‘l ain’t advised this to no one preceding. Possibly I oughtn’t to’, her crowd, Lennie, isn't listening since he is up to speed in his own dreamland. Along these lines, in spite of the fact that this scene serves to show the power of Curlers wife’s character, it additionally underlines that at no time in the novel does she prevail with regards to reaching. At the point when we discover that ‘her words tumbled out in an energy of correspondence, just as sne rushed betore ner audience could be removed, it is as if sne as had her story, her personality, suppressed inside her and she is urgent to share her expectations, dreams and frustrations with any individual who may tune in. Her experience uncovers a dismal and forlorn youth brimming with doubt. We discover that she has a poor relationship with her mom and that she has delighted in male consideration which has presumably been shallow and has prompted her accepting that she could have had a profession in the movies’. Curleys wife’s naivety is accentuated by the way that she carries on around Lennie. She dances between intuition he is ‘nuts’ and empowering physical contact. She accepts that e is ‘Jus’ like a major child, and despite the fact that she knows that he had squashed Curlers hand, shows no alert around him when she offers for him to stroke her hair. This might be on the grounds that she is so over-energized by the way that she accepts that she has somebodys consideration †perhaps just because since showing up on the farm †that she doesn't think past the occasion. The peruser realizes that Curlers spouse is bound the moment she says that she gets a kick out of the chance to stroke her hair since it is delicate. There is a powerful incongruity that it is her proposal to Lennie that prompts her passing. She is getting a charge out of the consideration and maybe is likewise gently spurred by a snapshot of thoughtfulness to let Lennie appreciate the vibe of her hair. At last, however, it is her anxiety with her appearance: You’ll muss it up†¦. You stop it now, you’ll mess it up’ that makes Lennie unintentionally break her neck in a terrified exertion to keep her calm. The picture Steinbeck uses to depict the snapshot of her demise dehumanizes Curlers spouse: ‘her body slumped like a fish’. It is in the last depiction of her that it appears that we are offered a genuine record of Curleys wife’s genuine quintessence: ‘And the ugliness and the plannings and the discontent and the throb or consideration were completely gone from her face. She was pretty and basic and her face was sweet and youthful. ‘ This short section shows that underneath her solidified outside she was basically a not too bad individual, which is the thing that Steinbeck alludes to in his letter to the on-screen character. The ‘ac

How Do SSRIs Compare to MAOIs

How Do SSRIs Compare to MAOIs Depression Treatment Medication Print How SSRIs Compare to MAOIs A Comparison Between Types of Antidepressants By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Updated on February 04, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Jonathan Nourok / The Image Bank / Getty Images Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are considered perhaps the most effective antidepressant agents in the psychiatrists medical arsenal. They work by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase in the brain. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (?SSRIs), on the other hand, are used to treat depression in addition to many anxiety-related illnesses, including panic disorder (PD).  They work by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin in the brain, causing an increase of serotonin. How MAOIs Work It is believed that the brain contains several hundred different types of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters that act as communication agents between different brain cells. These chemical messengers are molecular substances that can affect mood, appetite, anxiety, sleep, heart rate, temperature, aggression, fear, and many other psychological and physical functions. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme that degrades or breaks down three neurotransmitters associated with mood and anxiety: serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. MAOIs reduce the activity of the MAO enzyme, leading to higher levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine in the brain. The benefits of these increases are improved mood and an anti-panic effect.?? Some common MAOIs include: Nardil (phenelzine)Parnate (tranylcypromine)Marplan (isocarboxazid)Emsam (selegiline) What Are MAOIs? How SSRIs Work Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is important in modulating a variety of body functions and feelings, including our mood.  According to research, low levels of serotonin transmission has been linked to depression.?? As the name implies, SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. This causes an increase of serotonin in an area of the brain called the synaptic cleft, the small space between brain cells. Examples of SSRIs include: Prozac (fluoxetine)Paxil (paroxetine)Zoloft (sertraline)Celexa (citalopram)Luvox (fluvoxamine)Lexapro (escitalopram)Viibryd (vilazodone) What Are SSRIs? Why SSRIs Prescribed More Often Than MAOIs SSRIs are generally the first choice for treatment of depression because beyond their effectiveness, they generally cause fewer problems with side effects. Because of dietary restrictions and concerns over hypertensive reactions, MAOIs are often used only after other agents have failed.?? Other common side effects of MAOIs include: Decreased sleep/insomniaNauseaDiarrheaDry mouthHypertension (high blood pressure)Hypotension (low blood pressure)DizzinessWeight gainEdema (water retention)Sexual dysfunctionMuscle spasmsWeaknessConfusion One of the attractions of SSRIs is that they are believed to be safer and produce fewer unwanted side effects than other classes of antidepressants.  But any medication can cause side effects, especially at the beginning of treatment.  Some common side effects of SSRIs include: NauseaSexual dysfunction, including reduced desire or orgasm difficultiesHeadacheStomach upsetNervousnessWeight gainDrowsinessInsomnia Some of these side effects will be eliminated after your body adjusts to the medication.?? If they don’t and are bothersome, your doctor may try another SSRI. Although all SSRIs function by a similar mode of action, each drug is different. Certain side effects with one SSRI may not be a problem with another. Discussing the details with your doctor will help choose the best option for you. Depression Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF In general, primary care providers should not prescribe MAOIs unless they have experience with these medications. MAOIs Affects serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels Less commonly prescribed More side effects Requires dietary restrictions SSRIs Affects serotonin levels More commonly prescribed Fewer side effects Other Types of Antidepressants In addition to MAOIs and SSRIs, there are other classes of antidepressant medications available, including serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). How SNRIs Work First approved by the FDA in 1992, SNRIs are often used to treat the chronic pain linked to depression as well as generalized anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), panic disorder, and nerve pain associated with fibromyalgia. They work similarly to SSRIs, but they inhibit the reuptake of both norepinephrine and serotonin, which may make them more effective than SSRIs for severe depression. SNRIs are also less likely than SSRIs to exacerbate rapid mood cycling in people with bipolar depression. They are most often used for short-term therapy, however, because prolonged use can trigger a  manic  or  hypomanic  episode. How SNRIs, SSRIs, and SNDRIs Differ in Treating Depression Examples of SNRIs include: Effexor (venlafaxine)Cymbalta (duloxetine)Pristiq (desvenlafaxine)Savella (milnacipran)Fetzima (levomilnacipran) Common side effects of SNRIs include: NauseaDrowsinessFatigueConstipationDry mouth How TCAs Work Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), which are primarily used to treat depression, bipolar disorder, and other conditions such as chronic pain and insomnia, were first introduced in the 1950s. TCAs work similarly to reuptake inhibitors in that they block the absorption of serotonin and norepinephrine into nerve cells, however, these drugs are known to have more side effects than newer classes of antidepressants like SSRIs. In a meta-analytic review, researchers found that patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who took TCAs discontinued treatment 27% of the time due to side effects compared with 19% on SSRIs.?? The percentage was even greater in elderly patientsâ€"33% and 16%, respectively.   When compared with MAOIs, TCAs have also been found less effective for treatment-resistant depression  (TRD). However, TCAs still have their place in depression treatment. Examples of TCAs include: Elavil (amitriptyline)Norpramin (desipramine)Asendin (amoxapine)Anafranil (clomipramine)Pamelor (nortriptyline)Tofranil (imipramine)Vivactil (protriptyline)Surmontil (trimipramine)Sinequan (doxepin) Some side effects of TCAs include: ConstipationDry mouthBlurry visionDrowsinessDizzinessWeight gainIrregular heartbeatLow blood pressureSeizures Overview of Tricyclic Antidepressants A Word From Verywell Theres no one-size-fits-all treatment for depression and what works for someone else might not work for you. Since all antidepressants can help with symptoms of depression, deciding which one to take may come down to which side effects you can and cant tolerate. Other factors include your symptoms, treatment history, and current medications (including prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, vitamins, and supplements). When starting a new drug, do your best to have patience (it can take up to eight weeks to feel substantial improvement) and monitor any drug side effects to discuss with your doctor. If your side effects are intolerable and begin to interfere with your quality of life, call your doctor right away but  dont stop treatment  on your own. Stopping abruptly can cause withdrawal symptoms, including chills, dizziness, fever, headache, lethargy, nausea, and vomiting. How to Know Which Antidepressant Is Right for You

Single Parenting - 2462 Words

Single Parenting-Advantages and Disadvantages Samuella A. G. Brewah SUNY College at Old Westbury Abstract Being a single parent is an overwhelming task, nevertheless it yields greater benefits; with persistence and dedication. A strong bond is developed between the parent and the child/ children. It is a desire and heartbeat of everyone I to have a traditional family; wherein both the mother and father are fully involved in the lives of their children. In this all different roles and various levels of responsibilities are equally proportioned. There are times when as a single parent you encounter difficult moments; when performing tasks which should be handled by both parents especially those pertaining to gender. This research†¦show more content†¦A further research with emphasis on psychology in understanding the effecting on single parent has shown that there has been an increase in the percentage of children born outside marriage (41%) compared to thirty years ago (17%). According to Dr. Keith Ablow of Fox News, he thought â€Å"the number is on the increase and does not seem to be changing for the better for many reasons including the fact that attention has not been paid much on the need for independence forgetting sexual fulfillment leading to the sporadic increase of divorce rate and marriage neglect. Dr. Keith cited that most often the children are left with the mother with little attention or support from the father. This has coursed depression and behavior disturbance in many homes. â€Å"Children are left with unresolved and unanswered questions which they could not receive answers to when raised by a single parent or even during shared parenting between the divorced parents.(Albow, 2012). This is something that I can attest to as a divorced parent raising a son, he is always asking why his father left, I tried to prevent him from having a distorted mind but rather focus on what will make him a better person in the future. I don’t think this is the age for me to explain what happened between me and this father and it tro ubles me sometimes. Children oftenShow MoreRelatedSingle Parenting1619 Words   |  7 PagesSingle parenting ALGhaliya AL-dowaiki English Composition 2 Mr.James Philip Date :1/4/2014 Single parenting Introduction Single parenting is one of the most important issues in world. People were not except the idea of single parenting, that one of the parents has the responsibility to take care of the child. They believe that one hand cannot clap. They see that the child should live with his parents not one of them. Nowadays, single parenting become the phenomenon of the time , which meanRead MoreThe Positives Of Single Parenting2975 Words   |  12 PagesThe Positives of Single Parenting What comes into your mind when you hear about single parenting? â€Å"Americans attitudes towards single [parenting] were so negative-- by negative I mean, nearly seven out of ten said that single [parents] raising a child without the benefit of a partner was bad for society† (Huntington Post). Many assumptions are made towards single parents looking down on them not knowing all that they go through. They just have that stereotypical mind that single parents are badRead MoreSingle Parenting Is A Single Parent Household1756 Words   |  8 Pagesbeing raised by a single parent, whether it’s a mother or father. In the world of political correctness we live in today, it’s frowned upon to say there’s anything wrong with a single parent household. Society views single fathers and mothers as strong willed people, and while they may be so, it’s be proven that a child growing up in a single parent household often times has negative outcomes. While in some situations single parenting cannot be avoided, a child growing up in a single parent householdRead More Single Parenting Essay example1614 Words   |  7 PagesSingle Parenting Single parents and their children constitute a rapidly increasing population. In the past single parenting was seen as a broken system, these units today provide a viable alternative to nuclear families (Kleist, 1999, p. 1). In looking at the characteristics of single parents raising healthy children, I will describe some of the challenges unique to single parenting, and review positive parenting techniques shown to be effective. Social Development has not prepared individualsRead MoreSocial Media and Single Parenting Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesParenting is hard! 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This is a proof of how single parenting takes a lot of family time from the parent and their childrenRead MoreThe Effects Of Single Parenting1181 Words   |  5 PagesChastity Britton Ms. Carter English 12 November 19, 2015 â€Å"The Effects of Single Parenting† A number of everyday struggles and disadvantages are experienced by single parent families today. Problems such as families have to face can range from expensive day care, economic hardship, even trouble in balancing both home and work, another problem is the ability to spend limited quality time with children. (Ambert, 2006). Single parent families can be defined as families that only have one parent takingRead MoreSingle Parenting Stigma1700 Words   |  7 PagesSingle-Parenting Families: Attached Stigmas The social deviance that interests me is single parenting, one who chose to have a child out of wed-lock. The stigma attached to being a single parent is rising anew. Many media commentators blame Americas uptrend in violence and other social problems on family breakdown - on single parents. This stigma is based on myths and stereotypes that have been promoted by half-truths and, often, by prejudiced viewpoints. Many in our society still regard singleRead MoreSingle Parents Vs. Single Parenting Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagesthe pros and cons of any given situation. Single parenting would be where one parent is in charge of the household and cares for the child. Although single parents face a thousand challenges, they are also able to obtain many benefits. There can be many difficult challenges with being a single parent and not only for the parent, but for the child as well. The main problem with single parenting happens to be time management. Despite the efforts, the single parent will have to spend a great amountRead MoreDivorce And Unmarried And Single Parenting931 Words   |  4 PagesIncrease in Divorce and in Unmarried and Single-Parenting The rate of divorce rose sharply in the United States during the 1970s following the implementation of no-fault divorce laws in every state. In the last decade, the rate of divorce has stayed stable or diminished slightly. Most social scientists see this as a result, not of stronger marriages, but of the increased proportion of couples who choose to cohabit rather than marry. No record is kept of these relationships; neither their initiation

Frankenstein Appearance and Acceptance - 1412 Words

centerbReliance on Appearance and Dependency upon Acceptance in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and Todays Modern World./b/center br brOne of the main themes in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein is the importance of appearance and acceptance in modern society. In todays society, and also in the society of Frankenstein, people judge one often solely on their looks. Social prejudice is often based on looks, whether it be the color of someones skin, the clothes that a person wears, the facial features that one has and even the way one stands. People make snap judgments based on these and other considerations and they affect the way that they present themselves to one, and also the way that the treat the judged person. In Frankenstein the†¦show more content†¦Numerous accounts of hate of the monster just because of his frightful appearance follow this, including the villagers throwing rocks and driving away the monster (Shelley 91), the crushing blow to the creatures emotions when Felix drove him away (Shelley 119-120) and final straw before the creature turned against humanity, when the man shot the monster after h e had saved a girls life (Shelley 126). How very little has changed since then! Today when one is driving in our own fair city, Prince George, one sees a native man late at night and automatically assumes that he is a drunk. Or perhaps on seeing an older woman in high fashion dresses, one soon thinks he stuck up solely on her looks. In a more extreme example, think of the movie The Elephant Man where an extremely disfigured man tried to fit into mainstream society and ends up in a carnival, and later as a medical showcase. But deep inside Jerry Merrick, as the elephant man was then called, is an ideal citizen, caring and virtuous. Lastly closer to home, in any given public high school, one instantly and almost unknowingly classifies students into separate categories of Prep, Pothead, Jock, Cowboy, Skater, Slut, Goth, and other classifications as well. If one tries getting acquainted with these people, it is often find that they are, like Frankensteins monster, are very nice people. br brOne moreShow MoreRelated Appearance and Acceptance in Frankenstein and the Modern World1351 Words   |  6 PagesAppearance and Acceptance in Frankenstein and the Modern World       One of the main themes in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein is the importance of appearance and acceptance in modern society. In todays society, and also in the society of Frankenstein, people judge one often solely on their looks. Social prejudice is often based on looks, whether it be the color of someones skin, the clothes that a person wears, the facial features that one has and even the way one stands. People make snap judgmentsRead More Themes of Shelleys Frankenstein Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pages Mary Shelley discusses the themes of birth and creation, appearance and the necessity of companionship, love and acceptance in her novel Frankenstein. The themes that are explored in Frankenstein are relevant to today’s modern world. Shelley challenges readers by endorsing and confronting attitudes and values in her text through the events, circumstances and outcomes that take place in the novel, thus causing the reader to reflect upon their own lives and in turn the society a round them. ShelleyRead More Mary Shelleys Frankenstein - Victor Frankenstein is to Blame1046 Words   |  5 PagesVictor Frankenstein is to Blame Can an intense appetency for the pursuit of knowledge result in fatal consequences? In most situations when a strong desire is present consequences are seldom taken into consideration. In the novel, Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein pursues knowledge in an obsessive manner that blinds him to the possible effects. Victor Frankenstein is the primary cause of his creatures desolation. Indeed, Victor Frankenstein is at fault for the creatures isolation andRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein and Ridley Scotts Blade Runner Essays877 Words   |  4 PagesMary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner Comparison and Contrast Introduction Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner are two story lines created in a different era, Frankenstein being an early published novel on the creation of an experimental monster that longs to have a normal existence whilst Blade Runner is a more modern take to a future society where there have been genetically engineered robots named ‘replicas’ that are in appearance indistinguishableRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1703 Words   |  7 Pagesbeloved to the point where there’s numerous acclaimed novellas being published. Among those works such as Mr. Hyde and Dr. Jeckyll, resides Frankenstein; the story tells of immoral actions, a forbidden goal, and downfall of the protagonist, Victor Frankenstein. To the stupendous story, Victor’s position contributes in the Satanic hero archetype way. The work Frankenstein, which was written by Mary Shelley, included heroes that are antagonist characters amongst many other literary dev ices that possibly mayRead MoreIs Humanity Really Frankenstein s Monster?1619 Words   |  7 Pagescan be easily masked, and are therefore often overlooked. Three 19th century novels, Frankenstein, Sherlock Holmes: The Sign of Four, and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde reveal both physical and mental qualities of monstrosity through the characters and demonstrate how these qualities relate to one another. Victor Frankenstein’s creation, the nameless creature in Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, displays countless characteristics of physical monstrosity; he is described as â€Å"ugly†Read More Frankenstein Essay701 Words   |  3 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In her novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelley explores a wide range of themes concerning human nature through the thoughts and actions of two main characters and a host of others. Two themes are at the heart of the story, the most important being creation, but emphasis is also placed on alienation from society. These two themes are relevant even in today’s society as technology brings us ever closer to Frankenstein’s fictional achievement. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;FirstRead MoreMary Shelley And James Whale : Advantages Of Communication912 Words   |  4 Pages Mary Shelley and James Whale illustrate the advantages of communication in Frankenstein using opposite approaches. The characterization of the creature in Shelley and Whale’s texts demonstrate the underlying effect of incompetent verbal expression through his inability to form relationships. In Whale’s film, removing the humanistic qualities of the creature by enabling his speech highlights the complexity of the character Shelley provided through communication. Without vocal recognition, decipheringRead MoreThe Monsters of Lusus Naturae by Margaret Atwood and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley743 Words   |  3 PagesMargaret Atwood. It is a story about a girl who had to deal with her appearance because she was different from the other family members. While Frankenstein, is story written by Mary Shirley. It is story about a hideous monster that was crea ted by Victor Frankenstein, and left him to wander all alone in the world. Shelley in Frankenstein and Atwood in Lusus Naturae, wrap their stories around two characters whose physical appearance are similar to one another (Mays 289). Both the stories deal with charactersRead MoreAnalysis Of Gris Grimly s Frankenstein And My Related Text993 Words   |  4 Pagestext Gris Grimly’s Frankenstein and my related text Shaun Tan’s ‘The Red Tree’, identity is never illustrated as static. But what is identity? Identity is the way that someone sees themselves, or the way that someone perceives others. It is an idea that, in the core text and related text, does not stay the same. Changing identity is a key element in both the graphic novel and picture book, as the characters develop over time and they discover their true selves. In Frankenstein (published in 2013

Theoretical Model Respiratory Motion †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Theoretical Model for Respiratory Motion. Answer: Introduction: Mastectomy does not guarantee complete cure for early breast cancer patients; instead it increases the chance of recurrence because some tumor might remain in the chest wall. In such situation, radiation therapy is regarded as a targeted treatment option to kill or reduce the number of those cancer cells, which may remain even after surgery (McGale et al., 2014). External radiation therapy is most commonly given to patients after mastectomy. However, respiratory motion has been found to cause severe error during the radiation therapy. Respiratory motion leads to displacement of the tumour location and localizing the tumor in the chest wall becomes difficult in such cases. Another issue is that respiratory motion during irradiation leads to overdosing of normal tissues and underdosing of the tumor tissue or cells (Lewis Jiang, 2009). One report gives evidence regarding the issues in patient after the breast cancer radiotherapy. Link was found between radiation therapy and high risk o f breast cancer and lung problems. The study was done with 40, 781 women diagnosed with early stage breast cancer and they randomly assigned to radiation therapy and surgery or surgery alone. The follow up study after 10 years revealed that 20, 345 women died and the other 6, 064 had no breast cancer recurrence. However, compared to women treated without radiation therapy, women with radiation therapy were most likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer and heart disease. This is linked to the high amount of radiation exposure to lungs and heart during radiation therapy and a technique was needed that reduced the exposure rate to the lungs and heart of breast cancer patient (Taylor et al. 2017). Use of deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) has been recognized as a technique to minimize irradiation of cardiac structures without compromising target coverage. Although no clinical studies has demonstrated the effectiveness of the technique in reducing morbidity, however it has been found to decrease dose to cardiac structure. In case of left sided breast cancer patient, the mean heart dose should not be greater than 4Gy (Yeung et al., 2015). Hence, adjusting dose limit through DIBH minimizes the risk of ischemic heart disease due to radiotherapy. Respiratory movement always remain a challenge in radiotherapy. Lot of research has been done to develop a technique that reduce the dose of radiation to normal cell (heart dose) in breast cancer patients (Giraud Houle, 2013). To control the effects of respiratory motion during radiotherapy, the respiratory gating technique has been regarded as a solution to protecting the normal cells and managing respiratory motion. These techniques used five techniques to mitigate the respiratory motion effects. This includes using breath hold technique, forced shallow breathing technique, respiratory gating technique and tracking techniques. The main advantage of integrating respiratory movement into treatment planning is that it leads to geometric precision and dosimetric improvements (Giraud Houle, 2013). The main goal of the respiratory gating technique is to separate the target area and heart as far as possible and the process of maximum inspiration promotes delivery of high dose to the breast wall and chest tissue and reduce the heart dose (Nissen and Appelt, 2013). Many studies studied the benefits of deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) technique for management of respiratory motion. The DIBH is the technique of making the patient inspire to a threshold limit and then holding that limit of inspiration until the delivery of radiation therapy. This leads to lower exposure to the heart and adequate coverage of the breast wall (Latty et al., 2015). A broad range of literature exists regarding the benefits of DIBH technique in the management of respiratory motion. However, there is lack of literature regarding the diverse role of DIBH in relation to left sided breast cancer patient. Future research on understanding the role of DIBH for breast cancer radiotherapy is necessary specially for life sided breast cancer patients because such patients are at increased risk of cardiac abnormalities such as ischemia, congestive heart failure and coronary artery disease. DIBH is specifically targeted for left sided breast cancer patients because it maximizes the gap between heart and chest wall and reduces the cardiac dose (Mc Parland et al., 2015). The review and critical appraisal of specific articles related to DIBH application for treatment of left sided breast cancer patients will help in categorizing different roles of DIBH in reducing the risk of cardiac complication as a result of overdose due to respiratory motion. To get access to research articles related to the role of DIBH in breast cancer radiotherapy, the article will be searched from MedLine, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. The main criteria for searching the article was that the article must be published between 2006 to 2017 and English language must be used in all articles. The method of setting the data helped to filter the articles and the search term further ensured that relevant literature related to the topic has been retrieved. The primary search term included DIBH, DIBH for breast cancer patient, management of respiratory motion by DIBH and role of DIBH in managing respiratory motion in breast cancer patient. The main search strategy was to start with broad search terms first such DIBH and management of breast cancer radiotherapy and then find unique articles specific to the purpose of study. The articles were first screened on the basis of the title of the study and then by analysing the abstracts. On this basis, about 40 articles related to the topic were retrieved. However, after the analysis of the content of the articles, some articles were excluded because it did not focused on breast cancer patient or no insight was given regarding the role of DIBH for management of respiratory motion. Hence, the search strategy led to final retrieval of about 12 articles. Finally the critical appraisal of the article is done by means of thematic analysis approach. This literature review presents the role of DIBH in managing respiratory motion breast cancer radiotherapy by means of thematic analysis process and categorization of roles into different themes. The research study by Keall et al. (2006) discussed about the role of DIBH in managing respiratory motion in left sided breast cancer patients. The study gave an insight into the magnitude of respiratory motion and the radiotherapy specific problems caused by the respiratory motion. Secondly, the technique to effectively manage respiratory motion during radiotherapy was explained by the researcher. The main finding of this study related to the role of DIBH in breast cancer radiotherapy was that the technique reduces respiratory tumour motion and modifies the internal anatomy of the thoracic system to protect normal tissues from harm. However, the efficacy of the treatment was found to be limited by level of patients compliance to the procedure. This was because majority of patients in the research setting were found inefficient in performing the respiratory manoeuvre in a proper manner. Despite highlighting this limitation, the strength of the study was that it gave idea regarding im proving the efficacy of DIBH technique by pulmonary function test and starting a simulation series to analyse the discomforts faced by the patients during performing the DIBH technique. The core limitation was that radiation delivery related limitations were also found in the study which may limit the generalizability of the research data. Another literature was found to be very specific to the purpose of this literature review as it studies about the dosimetric and clinical benefits of DIBH for breast cancer radiotherapy. The quality and validity of the paper was further strengthened by comparing DIBH with free breathing technique. To evaluate the clinical benefits of DIBH during the radiotherapy, eight left sided breast cancer patients were taken and supervised to conduct breath hold technique during radiotherapy (Bruzzaniti et al., 2013). The data and outcome was evaluated by acquiring CT scans both with and without breath hold technique. After this procedure, the dose volume histogram and volume of heart and lung irradiated to specific dose was analysed. The study findings showed that application of DIBH led to 16% reduction in mean dose of lungs and 20% reduction in iiradiated pulmonary volumes (Bruzzaniti et al., 2013). Hence, the study gave the implication that patient training is an important component for succ essfully using the DIBH technique during treatment. In this study, the supervision of patients during the procedure resulted in reduction in irradiated lung/ heart volume. Stranzl Zurl, (2008) has also emphasized on reducing the heart volume in the irradiation field to reduce the dose delivery and protect normal tissues. Therefore, DIBH has been found to be effective in managing respiratory motion issues if patients receive adequate training in performing the procedure. However, the limitation of the DIBH approach as mentioned by the researcher was that this process requires a more complex set up and time needed to complete the radiation therapy increased in applying this technique for breast cancer patients. The research by Vikstrm et al., (2011) also presented the dose related advantage of utilizing DIBH technique for breast cancer patient. Many studies have documented about cardiac disease and pulmonary complications during breast irradiation in patients. Hence, the researcher investigated about the role of DIBH in reducing cardiopulmonary doses. The study participants included seventeen patients with early breast cancer and referred for adjuvant radiotherapy. This study was also consistent with the study by Bruzzaniti et al., (2013) as the DIBH plan was found lower cardiac and pulmonary doses during radiotherapy. Therefore, it gives validated evidence that DIBH technique reduces the radiation dose to the heart and lung tissues for tangential breast irradiation. However, there are limitations to this study because the dose reduction was obtained by restricting planning target volume coverage. Despite this limitation, the implementing DIBH technique is easier in clinical practice compar ed to other technique in radiotherapy. Advantage of DIBH related to patient outcome and compliance with the procedure Cardiac complication has been regarded as major complications in breast radiation therapy. Considering the efficacy of the DIBH technique in reduce irradiated heart volume and increasing lung sparing, Cervino et al., (2009) evaluated about the improvement in reproducibility of the technique by means of visual coaching. To analyze whether video coaching enhances patients compliance with the procedure or not, the left breast cancer patient were asked to conduct DIBH with and without visual coaching. The variable of measurement in this research was the reproducibility and the stability of the technique with and without visual feedback. The results of the study proved that the visual coaching improves the reproducibility of the technique and the compliance with correct DIBH technique in patient. Hence, this research gave idea regarding the process that is needed to improve the efficacy of DIBH technique for breast cancer patient. Therefore, this form of visual coaching will lead to healt hy tissue sparing and improved target coverage for patient. Radiation treatment is indispensable to the treatment and management of malignancy and carcinogenic conditions. However, as commented by Lattyet al. (2015), radiation treatment can have a number of positive and negative effects on the longevity and survival rate of an individual. Recent studies have revealed that high doses of radiation exposure to the left breast could be related to increased rate of cardiac morbidity and mortality. The deep inspiration breath hold technique helps in regulating the amount of cardiac morbidity due to radiation exposure (McGale et al. 2014). As commented by Koivumki et al. (2016), the radiation therapy to the left breast has long been a concern with respect to the adverse effects the same upon the longevity and recuperation rate of a patient. The deep inspiration hold breathing has been found to be effective in controlling the doses of radiation exposure to the left breast. This could be further supported with the help of relevant figures and statisti cs, which presents significant decrease in the cardiac mortality rate from 1.21 to 1.08 between 1973-1982. The DIBH technique adopts the patient to a specific and controlled set of radiation. This helps in reducing the anxieties in the patients regarding the contradictions attached with a certain procedure. There is a number of breath hold methods which could be utilized for the provision of controlled and tested levels of radiation doses for the treatment of high malignancy in breast cancer suspects. There are pre-dominantly two theories and methods covering the DIBH methods over here such as the spirometry- based active breathing coordinator (ABC) and the video based real-time position management (RPM).The ABC device was developed by a Michigan based hospital and had been under active scrutiny since its inception. The model had been found to possess a huge number of perks along with deficits which has been addressed accordingly. The device consisted of a mouth piece attached to a spirometer, where the nose of the patient had been blocked to divert the passage of oxygen only through the device. The spirometer is connected to a computer, enabling the radiologist to keep a tab over the patients inspiration level. Once, the threshold level is reached, the pinch valves in the device closes automatically. As asserted by Kraan Admiraal (2016), such controlled measure helps in assuring that exhalation and inhalation of the patient outside the threshold level is controlled tightly. However, as argued by Sayan, Hopkins, Heimann (2016), the ABC device is aggressive in nature and could paramount to increased levels of anxiety in the patient. There are a number of limitations with the DIBH devices, as the device gets interlocked with the linear accelerator. Therefore, the radiologist is required to manually control the inhalation and exhalation levels of the patient (Stranzl Zurl, 2008). The, the ABC device however, shows good and effective control over the rates of respiration limiting the amount of pulmonary tissue damage (Hong et al. 2016).On the contrary, the RPM system monitors the images through an infrared camera mounted on the wall of the infrared unit, which is further supported by the surrounding infrared lights. In this respect, the device auto controls the valves regulating the inhalation and exhalation rates of the patients based upon the threshold level. The DIBH procedure is less aggressive in nature and therefore helps in reducing the patient grievances during the delivery of the required treatment (Volpe et al. 2015). Moreover, the system is linked to the linear accelerator and automatically triggers the beam during the scanning process in case the breathing of the patient falls below the threshold level. Therefore, the system is much more efficient in the sense that the radiologists dont have to manually control the settings compared to other conventional devices (Hong et al. 2014). However, studies and recent evidence have shown that both RPM and the ABC reduce the impact of radiation on the heart of the patients. However as argued by Kathpal et al. (2014), the implementation of the DIBH is largely dependent upon the participant organization and is accompanied with huge investment cost. Limitations of the application of the model There are a number of limitations of the DIBH model which hinders the incorporation and the implementation of the model within the hospital set up. As commented by Giraud Houle (2013), lack of knowledge regarding the applicability of the model along with lack of adequate amount of infrastructure can prevent the implication of the emergent technology in the treatment of breast cancer patients (Keall et al. 2006). Additionally, high installation and maintenance charges often prevent the hospices from installing the model. Moreover, lack of skills in the health care professional used to the conventional methods of treatment can affect the health care plan and processes related to designing of effective and less painful treatment procedures for the ones with breast cancer. Additionally, coping up with the anxieties present in the patients regarding the current methods and the affectivity of the emergent medical procedures remains a debatable topic (Latty et al. 2015). A number of challenges have been faced in the conducting of the literature review. Some of the gaps could be attributed to the availability of insufficient amount of journals articles specifically for left sided breast cancer patients. The DIBH being a recent medical intervention, comprehensive research and evaluation is not available yet. Therefore, lack of peer reviewed articles along with less availability of direct information from the medical professionals was a challenge. Additionally, lack of sufficient time for the conduct of the thorough research was also a limiting factor. Some of the relevant articles were published in language other than English resulting in accessibility issues. Moreover, some of the articles were priced thus making accessibility an issue for those articles. The lack of knowledge and transparent communication process can affect the end result of a treatment procedure. There was lack of articles which evaluated the experienced of left sided breast cancer patients after using DIBH. This would have given greater idea about the benefits of DIBH for health outcome. As commented by Cervino et al. (2009), the inculcation of effective communication procedures can help in the establishment of the desired results. However, as per the ethics standards and guidelines the necessary and relevant information need to be shared with the support service users (Giraud Houle, 2013). The effective implementation of the DIBH methods implied that the level of pulmonary tissue damage caused by adverse effects of radiation could be controlled. Several studies and findings have pointed at the negative outcomes of high doses of radiation on the health and longevity of the patient availing the particular services. Therefore, inculcation of such methods can help in achieving speedy recovery of the patients along with producing a positive impact on the health outcome. There has been huge amount of correlation between the radiation overdoses and cardiac morbidities (Vikstrom et al. 2011). However, one of the major challenges encountered over here is the patient compliance and agreeability with the procedures. The development of DIBH could help in carving out new niches by implementing advanced technologies for the treatment of breast cancer. There are a number of contradictions attached with high amount of radiation exposure to the left breast of the patients. Therefore, implementation of the deep inhalation breathing program could be useful in controlling the amount of radiation exposure. However, lack of sufficient knowledge regarding the handling and management of the DIBH instruments along with huge infrastructural costs involved can hinder the outcomes of the process. Moreover, such therapies might act as a research base for designing more efficient and minimally invasive diagnostic tools and interventions for management of chronic illness in patients. Additionally, such interventions could be possibly used for controlling the radiation hazards associated with highly sophisticated diagnostic methods and tools such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Conclusion: The current assignment focuses on the aspect of DIBH model on addressing the perils associated with radiation overdose and its effect on the long terms cardiac conditions and well being of an individual. Therefore, the implementation of the DIBH model could be developed further for providing effective treatment and care to the patient receiving the radiation therapies. However, there are a number of limitations of the application of the model .This is mainly attributable to the lack of knowledge and proper skills in the health care professionals regarding the relevant measures which hinders the rate of success of the concerned methods and design. Additionally, lack of standard policies and compliance measures can affect the progress of the method within the current scenario. References Bruzzaniti, V., Abate, A., Pinnar, P., DAndrea, M., Infusino, E., Landoni, V., ... Strigari, L. (2013). Dosimetric and clinical advantages of deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) during radiotherapy of breast cancer.Journal of Experimental Clinical Cancer Research,32(1), 88. Cervino, L. I., Gupta, S., Rose, M. A., Yashar, C., Jiang, S. B. (2009). Using surface imaging and visual coaching to improve the reproducibility and stability of deep-inspiration breath hold for left-breast-cancer radiotherapy.Physics in medicine and biology,54(22), 6853. Giraud, P., Houle, A. (2013). Respiratory gating for radiotherapy: main technical aspects and clinical benefits.ISRN Pulmonology,2013. Hong, J. C., Rahimy, E., Gross, C. P., Shafman, T., Hu, X., James, B. Y., ... Soulos, P. R. (2017). Radiation Dose and Cardiac Risk in Breast Cancer Treatment: An Analysis of Modern Radiotherapy Including Community Settings.Practical Radiation Oncology. Kathpal, M., Sun, K., Malmer, C., Ninneman, S., Wendt, S., Hughs, G., ... Tinnel, B. (2014). Deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) with electromagnetic surface transponder confirmation of chest wall (CW) position during radiation for left breast cancer. Keall, P. J., Mageras, G. S., Balter, J. M., Emery, R. S., Forster, K. M., Jiang, S. B., ... Ramsey, C. R. (2006). The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology report of AAPM Task Group 76.Medical physics,33(10), 3874-3900. Koivumki, T., Heikkil, J., Vnnen, A., Koskela, K., Sillanmki, S., Seppl, J. (2016). Flattening filter free technique in breath-hold treatments of left-sided breast cancer: The effect on beam-on time and dose distributions.Radiotherapy and Oncology,118(1), 194-198. Kraan, B., Admiraal, M. (2016). PO-1026: Setup accuracy of DIBH for breast treatment with a simultaneous integrated boost.Radiotherapy and Oncology,119, S497. Latty, D., Stuart, K. E., Wang, W., Ahern, V. (2015). Review of deep inspiration breath?hold techniques for the treatment of breast cancer.Journal of medical radiation sciences,62(1), 74-81. Latty, D., Stuart, K. E., Wang, W., Ahern, V. (2015). Review of deep inspiration breath-hold techniques for the treatment of breast cancer.Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences,62(1), 7481. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmrs.96 Lewis, J. H., Jiang, S. B. (2009). A theoretical model for respiratory motion artifacts in free-breathing CT scans.Physics in medicine and biology,54(3), 745. Mc Parland, N., Nica, L., Soo, J., Menna, T. (2015). Deep Inspiration Breath Hold for left-sided breast cancer: experience from the patients perspective.Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice,14(3), 228-235. McGale, P., Taylor, C., Correa, C., Cutter, D., Duane, F., Ewertz, M., Gray, R., Mannu, G., Peto, R., Whelan, T. and Wang, Y., 2014. Effect of radiotherapy after mastectomy and axillary surgery on 10-year recurrence and 20-year breast cancer mortality: meta-analysis of individual patient data for 8135 women in 22 randomised trials. Nissen, H.D. and Appelt, A.L., 2013. Improved heart, lung and target dose with deep inspiration breath hold in a large clinical series of breast cancer patients.Radiotherapy and Oncology,106(1), pp.28-32. Sayan, M., E Hopkins, W., Heimann, R. (2016). Deep Inspiration Breath-hold (DIBH) Technique to Reduce Cardiac Radiation Dose in the Management of Breast Cancer.Current Cancer Therapy Reviews,12(1), 2-14. Stranzl, H., Zurl, B. (2008). Postoperative irradiation of left-sided breast cancer patients and cardiac toxicity.Strahlentherapie und Onkologie,184(7), 354-358. Taylor, C., Correa, C., Duane, F.K., Aznar, M.C., Anderson, S.J., Bergh, J., Dodwell, D., Ewertz, M., Gray, R., Jagsi, R. and Pierce, L., 2017. Estimating the risks of breast cancer radiotherapy: evidence from modern radiation doses to the lungs and heart and from previous randomized trials.Journal of Clinical Oncology,35(15), pp.1641-1649. Vikstrm, J., Hjelstuen, M. H., Mjaaland, I., Dybvik, K. I. (2011). Cardiac and pulmonary dose reduction for tangentially irradiated breast cancer, utilizing deep inspiration breath-hold with audio-visual guidance, without compromising target coverage.Acta Oncologica,50(1), 42-50. Volpe, T., Margiasso, R., Saleh, Z., Kuo, L., Hong, L., Ballangrud, A., ... Tang, X. (2015). A Comparison of Three Planning Techniques for Bilateral Reconstructed Chest Wall Patients Undergoing Deep Inspiration Breath Hold (DIBH) Breast Irradiation.International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics,93(3), E616-E617. Yeung, R., Conroy, L., Long, K., Walrath, D., Li, H., Smith, W., ... Phan, T. (2015). Cardiac dose reduction with deep inspiration breath hold for left-sided breast cancer radiotherapy patients with and without regional nodal irradiation.Radiation Oncology,10(1), 200.

The Nature of Costs Essay Example

The Nature of Costs Paper The costs are really incurred in order to be able to hunt ducks and would be the same Whether one, two, three, or a dozen ducks ever actually sol All Of the costs, with the possible exception of the costs of the shotgun shells, are basically fixed with respect to how many ducks are actually bagged during any one hunting trip. 3. In a decision of whether to give up hunting entirely, more of the costs listed by John are relevant. If Bill did not hunt, he would not need to pay for: gas, oil, and tires; shotgun shells; the hunting license; and the whiskey, In addition, he loud be able to sell his camper, equipment, boat, and possibly pickup truck, the proceeds vehicle would be considered relevant in this decision, The original costs to these items are not relevant, but their resale values are relevant. Exercise 13-10 (continued) These three requirements illustrate the slippery nature of costs, A cost that is relevant in one situation can be irrelevant in the next. None of the costs-? except possibly the cost of the shotgun shells-?are relevant when we compute the cost of bagging a particular duck; some of them are relevant when we compute the cost of a hunting trip; and more of them are relevant when we insider the possibility of giving up hunting. We will write a custom essay sample on The Nature of Costs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Nature of Costs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Nature of Costs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer PROBLEM 13-18 Dropping Retaining a Flight ALL I Profits have been decreasing for several years at Pegasus Airlines. In an effort to improve the companys performance, consideration is being given to dropping several flights that appear to be unprofitable. IA typical income statement for one round-trip Of one such flight (flight 482) is as follows: The following additional information is available about flight 482: I I Members of the flight crew are paid fixed annual salaries, whereas the flight assistants are paid based on the number of round trips they complete. I I One-third of the liability insurance is a special charge assessed against flight 482 because in the opinion of the insurances Company, the destination of the flight is in a high-risk area. The remaining Vivo-thirds would he unaffected by a decision I Tit drop flight 482, The baggage loading and flight preparation expense is an allocation to ground crews salaries and depreciation of ground I equipment, Dropping flight 482 would have no effect on the companys total baggage loading and flight preparation expenses, Lifting 482 is dropped, Pegasus Airlines has no authorization at present to replace it with another flight. I Aircraft depreciation is due entirely to obsolescence Depreciation due to wear and tear is negligible. Dropping flight 482 would not allow Pegasus Airlines to reduce the number of aircraft in its fleet or the number of flight I crew on its payroll. I I Required: I Prepare an analysis showing What impact dropping flight 482 would have on the airlines profits. I The airlines scheduling Officer has been criticized because only about Of the seats on Pegasus flights are being Filled compared to an industry average of 60%. The scheduling officer has explained that Pegasus average seat occupancy I could be improved considerably by eliminating about 10% of its flights, but that doing so would reduce profits. Explain how I latish could happen. Contribution margin lost if the flight is 2,950) flight is discontinued: promotion Fuel for aircraft discontinued I Flight costs that can be avoided if the Flight IS 750 15,800 1 Liability insurance (1/3 x $4,200) Salaries, flight assistants 1 ,400 | 11,500 Overnight costs for flight crew and assistants | 300 | 9,750 | I (3,200) Net decrease in profits if the flight is discontinued The following costs are not relevant to the decision: I Salaries, flight crew will not change. I I Depreciation of aircraft I Liability insurance (two-thirds) insurance is unaffected by this decision. I Baggage loading and flight preparation cost that will continue even if the flight is I discontinued. I Operating Income I I lancers or (Decrease) 514,000 1 ,so | 12,950 expenses: Salaries, flight crew Flight promotion Ticket revenue 4,000) 1,050 | (12,950) Fixed annual salaries, which Consists. I Two-thirds of the liability This is an allocated Problem MM (continued) I Keep the Flight Drop the Flight I Variable expenses Contribution margin I I Less flight 11,800 1750 I Depreciation of aircraft 1,550 11,550 4,200 preparation | 2,800 I Fuel for aircraft 5,800 11,400 11,700 Overnight costs for flight crew and I Liability insurance Salaries, flight assistants Baggage loading and flight 300 1 7,600 I lastings at destination I I Total flight expenses | 7. 850 | 9,750 .NET operating loss I $ (4,650) I $ (7,850) 2. The goal of increasing the seat occupancy could be obtained by eliminating flights with a lower-than-average seat occupancy. By eliminating these flights and keeping the flights with a higher-than-average seat occupancy, the overall average seat occupancy for the company as a whole would be improved. This loud reduce profits in at least two ways. First, the flights that are eliminated could have contribution margins that exceed their avoidable costs (such as in the case of flight 482 in part 1). If so, then eliminating these flights would reduce the companys total contribution margin more than it would reduce total costs, and profits would decline. Second, these flights might be acting as feeder flights, bringing passengers to cities where connections to more profitable flights are made. I PROBLEM 13-20 I Dropping or Retaining a Segment 102 I I Jackson County Senior Services is a nonprofit organization devoted to roving essential services to seniors who live in their loon homes vitamin the Jackson County area. Three services are provided for seniors-?home nursing, meals on wheels, and I housekeeping. In the home nursing program, nurses visit seniors on a regular basis to check on their general health and to I I perform tests ordered by their physicians. The meals on wheels program delivers a hot meal once a day to each senior enrolled I I in the program. The housekeeping service provides weekly housecleaning and maintenance services. Data on revenue and expenses I LIFO the past year follow: I The head administrator of Jackson County Senior Services, Judith Minima, is concerned about the organizations finances and Considers the net operating income of $5,000 last year to be razor-thin. (Last years results were very similar to the results LIFO previous years and are representative of what would he expected in the future. ) She feels that the organization should be I building its financial reserves at a more rapid rate in order to prepare for the next inevitable recession, After seeing the I above report, Ms. Minima asked for more information about the financial advisability of perhaps discontinuing the housekeeping program. The depreciation in housekeeping is for a small van that is used to carry the housekeepers and their equipment from job to Elf the program were discontinued, the van would be donated to a charitable organization. None of the general administrative overhead would be avoided if the housekeeping program were dropped, but the liability insurance and the salary Of the program I I administrator would be avoided. I Should the housekeeping program be discontinued? Explain. Show computations to support your answer. I I Recast the above data in a format that would be more useful to management in guessing the long-run financial viability of the Various services. 1. No, the housekeeping program should not be discontinued. It is actually generating a positive program segment margin and is, of course, providing a valuable service to seniors. Computations to support this conclusion follow: I I Contribution margin lost if the housekeeping program is dropped avoided: Insurance I I Program administrators salary I Fixed costs that can be II Liability | 37,000 | 52,000 whole Decrease in net operating income for the organization as a Depreciation on the van is a sunk cost and the van has no salvage value overhead is allocated and none of it would be avoided if the program were dropped; thus it is not relevant to the decision.